Brightening & Pigmentation
Pigmentation occurs when melanocytes overproduce melanin for various reasons, such as UV exposure, hormonal change and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). It appears as melasma, freckles and blemishes, and is a major cause of uneven skin tone.
Skin Concern Analysis
Pigmentation occurs when melanocytes overproduce melanin for various reasons, such as UV exposure, hormonal change and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). It appears as melasma, freckles and blemishes, and is a major cause of uneven skin tone.
Spicule Solution
Microchannels formed by spicules help deliver brightening active ingredients into the epidermis. In particular, they synergistically reinforce niacinamide's inhibition of melanosome transfer and tranexamic acid's blocking of the plasminogen pathway, acting on several levels from melanin synthesis to transfer.
Key Clinical Data
Recommended Spicule Specs
Spicule Size
100~200 µm
Spicule size
Concentration
2~4%
Recommended concentration
Frequency
Once a week
Application frequency
Tingling Level
Low to moderate (2–3/5)
Tingling level
Recommended Active Ingredients
| Ingredient | INCI Name | Recommended concentration | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Niacinamide | Niacinamide | 2~5% | Inhibits melanosome transfer, strengthens the skin barrier |
| Tranexamic acid | Tranexamic Acid | 2~3% | Blocks the plasminogen pathway, suppresses melasma |
| Alpha-arbutin | Alpha-Arbutin | 1~2% | Inhibits tyrosinase activity |
| Vitamin C | Ascorbic Acid | 5~15% | Antioxidant, reduces melanin, promotes collagen synthesis |
| Glutathione | Glutathione | 0.5~2% | Antioxidant, shifts melanin toward pheomelanin |
Related Research Papers
Recommended Products
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